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Fundamentals of Computers 1st Semester NEP Notes Download

Fundamentals of Computers 1st Semester BNU Consolidated Notes for last minute study

Fundamentals of Computers syllabus Notes for Bangalore North University 1st Semester. This course introduces foundational concepts in computing, including computer architecture, operating systems, databases, and web programming, aligned with the NEP curriculum. Build technical skills and gain practical insights into modern computing technologies.

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The Fundamentals of Computers course, part of the NEP syllabus for the 1st semester at Bangalore North University, aims to introduce students to the basic concepts of computing. This subject offers a thorough understanding of computer architecture, the development of computing technology, and the key components that power modern computing systems. Fundamentals of Computers covers a range of topics, including the history of computers, various types of computing devices, number systems, and Boolean algebra, ensuring that students understand both the theoretical and practical sides of computer operation. By incorporating subjects like programming logic, flowcharts, and algorithms, the course prepares students for more advanced studies in computer science and application development.

In line with the National Education Policy (NEP), the syllabus focuses on skill-based learning and practical understanding. Students also delve into operating systems, database management, internet fundamentals, and web programming basics, making the course particularly relevant in today’s digital world. With a well-rounded blend of theory and hands-on experience, the curriculum is designed to enhance problem-solving abilities, critical thinking, and technical skills. This subject lays a solid foundation for students aiming for a career in technology and provides them with the essential knowledge for further exploration in computing fields.


Unit 1: Fundamentals of Computers

Introduction to Computers

A computer is an electronic device that processes data, stores it, and generates meaningful output based on a set of instructions called programs.

Characteristics of Computers

  • Speed: Performs tasks at incredible speeds.
  • Accuracy: Highly precise in execution.
  • Automation: Operates without human intervention after programming.
  • Storage: Offers significant temporary (RAM) and permanent (HDD/SSD) storage.
  • Versatility: Adapts to various tasks.
  • Connectivity: Enables data sharing via networks.

Generations of Computers

  1. First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum tubes.
  2. Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors.
  3. Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated Circuits.
  4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors.
  5. Fifth Generation (Present & Beyond): AI and Quantum Computing.

Basic Organization of a Computer

  1. Input Unit: Keyboard, Mouse.
  2. Processing Unit: CPU with ALU, Control Unit.
  3. Memory Unit: Primary (RAM, ROM) and Secondary (HDD, SSD).
  4. Output Unit: Monitor, Printer.

Number Systems and Boolean Algebra

  • Binary, Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal: Used for computations.
  • Boolean Operations: AND, OR, NOT, XOR with truth tables for logical problem-solving.

Planning a Computer Program

  1. Algorithm: Sequential problem-solving steps.
  2. Flowchart: Graphical algorithm representation.
  3. Pseudo Code: Simple textual code representation of logic.

Unit 2: Introduction to Computers

Characteristics and Classification of Digital Computers

  • Characteristics: Speed, Accuracy, Automation, Storage.
  • Types of Computers: Microcomputers, Minicomputers, Mainframes, Supercomputers, Embedded Systems.

Anatomy of a Computer

  1. Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse.
  2. Central Processing Unit (CPU): ALU, Control Unit, Registers.
  3. Memory Unit: Primary and Secondary.
  4. Output Devices: Printers, Monitors.

How CPU and Memory Work

The CPU fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, executes them, and stores the results back into memory.

Introduction to Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers are small integrated circuits that perform specific tasks in embedded systems (e.g., Arduino boards, automotive control systems).


Unit 3: Operating System Fundamentals

What is an Operating System (OS)?

An OS acts as an interface between hardware and users, managing resources and providing a platform for application software.

Functions of an OS

  • Process Management, Memory Management, File System Management, Device Management, Security.

Types of Operating Systems

  • Batch OS: Processes jobs in batches.
  • Time-Sharing OS: Multi-user systems.
  • Distributed OS: Operates across networks.
  • Real-Time OS: Executes tasks with strict time constraints.

Unix Operating System

  1. Features: Multiuser, Multitasking, Security.
  2. Basic Commands: ls, cd, cp, mv, chmod.

Booting Process

  1. Cold Boot: From powered-off state.
  2. Warm Boot: Restarting without shutting down.

Unit 4: Database Management Systems

Introduction to Databases

Databases are organized collections of data accessible for storage, retrieval, and management. DBMS software manages databases efficiently.

File System vs. DBMS

FeatureFile SystemDBMS
Data RedundancyHighLow
Data IntegrityPoorStrong
Query SupportBasicAdvanced

Introduction to SQL

SQL is a language for querying and managing relational databases.

  • DDL Commands: CREATE, ALTER, DROP.
  • DML Commands: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
  • DCL Commands: GRANT, REVOKE.
  • TCL Commands: COMMIT, ROLLBACK.

Example SQL Queries

SELECT * FROM Students;
INSERT INTO Students (ID, Name) VALUES (1, 'John Doe');
UPDATE Students SET Name = 'Jane Doe' WHERE ID = 1;
DELETE FROM Students WHERE ID = 1;

Unit 5: Internet Basics and Web Fundamentals

What is the Internet?

The Internet connects millions of networks globally, providing diverse services like web browsing, email, and streaming.

Services of the Internet

  1. Email: Communication system (e.g., Gmail).
  2. WWW: Accessing web pages via browsers.
  3. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): File transfers between systems.

Web Basics

  • HTTP/HTTPS: Protocols for web communication.
  • URL: Unique address of a web page (e.g., https://www.example.com).
  • DNS: Translates domain names to IP addresses.

HTML and CSS Basics

  • HTML Structure:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>My Page</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Welcome!</h1>
    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
  • CSS Styling:
<style>
    body { font-family: Arial; background-color: #f4f4f4; }
    h1 { color: blue; }
</style>

Advanced Examples

  1. Forms:
<form action="/submit" method="POST">
    <label>Name:</label>
    <input type="text" name="name">
    <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
  1. CSS Layouts:
<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-around;">
    <div style="width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: coral;"></div>
    <div style="width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: skyblue;"></div>
</div>

Disclaimer

These notes are high-level consolidated summaries for quick learning. For detailed explanations, please refer to the prescribed textbooks.

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